English Literature

An Essay on Ars Poetica Around the first century BC the center of literary and cultural activity shifted from Alexandria to Rome . With the Augustan era, there dawned a golden age of poetry amd literary criticism. This age was made brilliant by the achievements of Virgil, Ovid, Tribulles and Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65BC-8BC) also known as Horace was the leading Roman poet during the time of Augustus. At the age of twenty he went to Athens for study but he joined the army of Brutus . Virgil and Varius , who were attracted to his poetry, introduced him to Maecenas . This meeting proved a turning point in the career of Horace. He devoted himself to Muse thereafter to the writing of  poetry. After Virgil's death, he was virtually a Poet Laureate . He died peacefully as a bachelor on 27th November, 8BC. Horace was a poet of repute. His literary opus include: Satires, Epodes, Odes, Carmen Saeculare, Epistles and Ars Poetica or Epistle to the Pisos . The most frequent t...

 Definition of Hypothesis The hypothesis is a tentative solution based on insufficient evidence that can be true or false. Hypotheses bring clarity, specificity and focus to a research problem. You can conduct a valid investigation constructing a single formal hypothesis. On the other hand, within the context of a research study, you can construct as many hypothesis as you consider to be appropriate. ➢Black and Champion define a hypothesis as ' a tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually unknown'. ➢ Bogardus says: A Hypothesis is a proposition to be tested. ➢ Goode and Hatt - It is a proposition which can be put to test to   determinants  validity. ➢ P. V. Yaung - The idea of ​a temporary but central importance that   becomes the basis of useful research is called a working hypothesis.  ➢ F. N. Kerlinger - A hypothesis is a description of the relationship of two or more variables. ➢ Townsend - Hypothesis is suggested answ...

 Paper margin Except for page numbers, leave margins of one inch at the top and bottom and on both sides ofthe text. If you lack 81/2-by-11-inch paper and use a larger size, do not print the text in an area greater than 61/2 by 9 inches. Indent the first word of a paragraph one-half inch from the left margin. Indent set-off quotations one inch from the left margin.  Text formatting and spacing Always choose an easily readable typeface (e.g., Times New Roman) in which the regular type style contrasts clearly with the italic, and set it to a standard size (e.g., 12 points). Do not justify the lines of text at the right margin; turn off your word processor's automatic hyphenation feature. Set your word processor to double-space the entire research paper, including quotations, notes, and the list of works cited. Leave one space after a period or other concluding punctuation mark,unless your instructor prefers two spaces. Heading and Title A research paper does not need a title pa...

Identifying Your Sources For your review, you will examine a range of sources that are pertinent to your topic. To start, it is best to consult educational encyclopedias, handbooks, and annual reviews found in libraries. These resources provide summaries of important topics in education and reviews of research on various topics. They allow you to get a picture of your topic in the broader context . And also help you understand where it fits in the field. You may also find these sources useful for identifying search terms and aspects related to your topic. The following are some examples of handbooks, encyclopedias, and reviews relevant to educational research: ■ The International Encyclopedia of Education ■ Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies ■ Handbook of Research on Teacher Education: Enduring Questions in Changing Contexts ■ Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children ■ Handbook of Latinos and Education: Theory, Research, and Practice ■ Handbook of Research on Prac...

Documentation In a report or research paper, documentation is the evidence provided for information and ideas borrowed from others. That evidence includes both primary sources and secondary sources.There are numerous documentation styles and formats, including MLA style (used for research in the humanities), APA style (psychology, sociology, education), Chicago style (history), and ACS style (chemistry). Adrienne Escoe: "Documentation has many meanings, from the broad—anything written in any medium—to the narrow—policies and procedures manuals or perhaps records." Linda Smoak Schwartz "The most important thing to remember when you take notes from your sources is that you must clearly distinguish between quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material that must be documented in your paper and ideas that do not require documentation because they are considered general knowledge about that subject." Cita...

 Chandalika by Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was a poet, novelist, shortstory writer and dramatist. He is mostly known for his poetry. Some of his famous works include: The Genius of Valmiki (1881, drama), The Sacrifice (1890, drama), Gitanjali (1910, poetry), Ghare Baire ( The Home and the World, 1916). He was the writer of India and Bangladesh's National anthem. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913. This prize was conferred to him especially for his Gitanjali: Song Offerings. George v   gave him the title of Knighthood, but he returned it in 1919 after the Jaliyanwala Baagh Massacre. Tagore's Chandalika (1938) was modelled on an ancient Buddhist legend. The central interest on this play is the unfolding of character; of opening up the soul to enlightenment of some sort. K.R. Kriplani calls it a "tragedy of self-consciousness over reaching it limit". The title of the play Chandalika, itself shows that the heroine of the play belongs to t...

 Rasa Theory in Natyashastra   Bharatmuni was an ancient Indian theatrologist and musicologist. He is considered the father of Indian theatrical art forms. He wrote the Natyashastra during the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE in classical India. It is a Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts. The text of Natyashastra consists of 36 chapters or 6000 poetic verses (slokas) describing performance arts. The subjects covered by treatise include: the sentiments, the states, the histrionic representation (abhinaya), the practice (dharmi), the styles (vritti), the success (siddhi), the notes (svara), the instrumental music ( atodya), songs and the stage.  Natyashastra is also notable for its aesthetic sentiments ( Rasa ) theory. Rasa  literally means "taste" or "savor", and, as used to denote the essence of poetry. Bharatmuni wrote in Natyashastra: " no composition can be proceed without rasa" . Rasa is  an individual experience brought through the expres...

 Research report writing Planning, Drafting, Revising, Editing, and Finalizing the draft of research report A reseach report is a well crafted document that outlines the processes data and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first hand account of the reseach process. It is considered as an objective and accurate source of information. In other words, it is a summary of the reseach process that clearly highlights finding recommendations and other important details. " Research report is a research document that contains basic aspects of the reseach project". The true value of the reseach may be assessed through a report since the written report may be the " only tangible product of hundereds of hours of work. Rightly or wrongly, the quality and worth of that work are judged by the quality of written report -- its clarity, organization and content" (BLAKE and BLY 1993: 119). The primary purpose of a written report is co...